1. Llanger mentions “audible actions” in paragraph 13. What are they, and why are they important?- Audible actions are like calming noises, or stimuli that kind of put you in a certain mood. They are important for calming people down, or getting someone to focus. 
2. What is a phoneme, and how does it differ from lalling- A phoneme is like two words that look the same but have completely different meanings, its the units of sound that distinguish one word from another. Lalling is when your speech has a kind of staggering to it, and your words don't sound right. One of these you can pretty much control, the other just has to do with how the words look
3. What does the term Gestalt mean in paragraph 16?) -gestalt is a new variable that makes something exaggerated, or more complex than it seems.
4. 
   Postman says that metaphor is “an organ of perception” (para. 6). How can metaphor be an organ of perception?- it helps people understand better by comparing one thing to something more simple
5. Why does Postman raise the question of over- and underachievers in schools?- tests are taken in many ways, and in varying times. people have different learning abilities. Thus, different ways of learning are needed. 
6. What territory do you map on a daily basis? What words help you map that territory?-On a daily basis I also map reality of a college student. Words that help me are love, and care. I know people that love and care about me want me to do good as this college student.

Bacon:

1. Define the word idols in the sense that Bacon seems to use it. Is the word idol a good term to use. for the idea that lies behind it?

- Bacon does not use the word idol as most people would today. He explains idols to be tiny impressions of the mind that are merely phantoms or illusions. Today we think of idols as something good like a well known celebrity, a religious figure, or some type of model of something good. 

2. Compare the importance of one idol with that of another. Is it possible to determine which is more likely to prevent the acquisition of true knowledge?

- The idol of the tribe allows people to have their own opinion and understanding. People can see things together, and associate their meaning. The idols of the marketplace allows people to interact and form ideas together; however, this can be bad because some information can be wrong or misunderstood. 

3. Which of the idols are the results of social intercourse, and which are the results of individual reflection? Would a person be more likely to be free of the tyranny of the idols if he/she were restricted in society? Is it possible that a hermit would be completely free of the idols? Or would he become more free the more he socialized?

- The marketplace and theatre idols are the results of social intercourse. the tribe, and cave idols are the results of individual reflection. I think that there will always be tyranny, you cant free yourself by just becoming a hermit. We have to socialize, and come up with our own idols by learning. 

Darwin:

1. Define the phrase the survival of the fittest (the title of this chapter in a later edition of On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection). Look for ways in which its implications can be fully understood. Look, also, for examples by which it can be illustrated.
- survival of the fittest revolves around which species is most responsive to change, and can adapt the best. 

2. Compare the breeding of animals with natural selection. Which is more directed? Which is more dominated by chance? Which is more efficient? Which is more important?

- The breeding of animals is more directed because humans can chose which animals breed together. Natural selection is more dominated by chance, because crossbreeding can occur. I think that natural selection is more efficient. It allows animals to breed freely. The breeding of animals is important because it keeps things from becoming extinct. 

3. How does cloning affect Darwin’s views? Is cloning likely to undo the beneficial work of natural selection?

- I think that Darwin would have liked the idea of cloning. It lets humans be stronger and to inherit certain traits that they want them to have. I think cloning and natural selection are similar because, with both, you want the best of the best. But, they definitely are not the same thing.

4. How does human social policy affect the survival of the fittest? Are modern medicine and modern social welfare agencies causing humans to be less fit? 

- Medicine and welfare agencies are not causing humans to be less fit. I think that instead of them trying to make humans less fit, they are aiming at making them better or stronger.

Discoveries and the Mind

Plato: 

1. I think our senses are very important. They represent how people perceive things in different ways. Plato believes that people fail to see the realities of things. He believes that our senses are an illusion.

2. Senses are not materialistic, they are feelings and perceptions. I think we use our senses to form knowledge, facts, and common sense. 

3. I think that people already live life through senses. For example: a blind person can only learn from hearing, touching, tasting, and smelling. 

4. If I had to be able to choose a sixth sense I would want to be able to talk and communicate with animals. 

Freud: 

1. I think some dreams can be significant in understanding something, because they reflect different areas of life and our feelings. You can dream about life events and that can give you clarity about where you are in life and what you can be. 

2. Dreams that mystify me are the ones where deceased loved ones show up. It almost makes you feel like they are trying to send you a message. 

3. I love horror movies, but the dreams that frighten me most are dreams that could be real. For example: the purge movie, robberies, getting murdered on campus, getting my car stuck on a train track, etc. 

4. I believe that we don't remember our dreams because the special memory neurons we have when we are awake are not fully active when we are asleep. This makes unwanted or irrelevant info become forgotten. 

5. Dreaming is a mental activity. In the middle of sleep we enter REM ( restless eye movement). this is when our brain has the most activity. 

Virginia Woolf:

1. It is useful to point out that this essay was originally delivered to women students at two Oxford colleges. Ask your students to identify what evidence there is to suggest Woolf was aware of the nature of her audience.

- It is obvious that Woolf wrote this essay for all women. She advocates that women everywhere should be able to  realize their full potential and not let society hold them back.

2. What do the chapter headings from Trevelyan’s History of England (para. 6) reveal about historians’ concerns?

- Historians were concerned with many things; however, The headings suggest that Trevelyan never expressed his guilt about famine being the effective mechanism for reducing surplus population.

3. What would Woolf propose as the most important changes in society that would alter the situation most talented women find themselves in? Why does talent make a woman’s situation especially difficult?

- Woolf proposed that women should take time to practice what they are good at. Often times women are too caught up in family ties that they don't take time to express themselves.

M. Mead:

1. What are the temperamental traits of women? Of men?

-  Women are weak, clingy, 

- Men are dominant, brave, more aggressive, strong

- She also explains that some temperaments are not gender specific. 

2. What price does a society pay for restricting the opportunities of one sex or the other?

- Society would pay, because some women aren't cut out to be mothers, and some men aren't cut out for war. Many people are born with specific gifts, and they have to suppress those gifts. This gives society a penalization. "girls can be trained exactly as boys are trained, taught the same code, the same forms of expression, the same occupation. 

3. Given that our culture has standardized temperamental expectations for each sex, what price does the opposite sex pay for that standardization?

- Such systems would be wasteful of certain gifts that people have. A woman may be excellent at shooting a gun during a battle, but instead she has to be a housewife and mother. A man might be good at baking or cooking, but instead he has to work in a factory or go to war. 

4. Why should our modern industrialized society be concerned about the ways of “primitive” cultures?

-  We should be  worried that women will revert back to strict regime. They will let men take over the household again. Woman are continuously being downgraded and used as objects.